In the summer of 1798 Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, a European visitor to Mount Vernon, was sufficiently impressed with the estate to observe that "The whole plantation, the garden, and the rest prove well that a man born with natural taste may guess a beauty without having seen its model." Niemcewicz continued, "The General has never left America, but when one sees is house and his home and his garden it seems as if he had copied the best samples of the grand old homesteads of England."1
In fact, George Washington did copy some of the best samples of English gardens. Washington took his models from garden design books, the "pattern books" that were popular amongst large landowners in the colonies. One book in particular was the most influential in Washington's development of the landscape plan for Mount Vernon—Batty Langley's New Principles of Gardening (1728). Washington ordered Langley's book on May 1, 1759, in the first letter he sent to London after his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis a few months earlier.
Batty Langley was most renowned for producing architectural pattern books that provided plans and elevations for builders in both Britain and the American colonies. One of these books, Langley's Builder's and Workman's Treasury of Design, provided George Washington with the plan for the Palladian window in the New Room. New Principles of Gardening was a pattern book based on the same model. The book opened with a discussion of geometry in landscape architecture before moving on to the principles of garden design, fruit, forest and evergreen trees, box and holly, and flowering shrubs. A final section dealt with the design of a proper kitchen garden containing vegetables, herbs, and medicinal plants. Twenty-eight folding plates depicting model gardens illustrated Langley's lessons.
Langley disliked the elaborate, straight-edged formalism that prevailed in English landscape gardening in the early eighteenth century. "Nor is there any Thing," he wrote in the introduction to New Principles of Gardening, "more shocking than a stiff regular Garden." Like other landscape theorists of the period, Langley favored an appearance of natural simplicity with curving paths, serpentine walks, and groves and wildernesses of trees planted "in natural seeming groups and thickly."
Washington retained a more formal symmetry than Langley might have favored, however, he was still strongly influenced by the new principles. The groves to the north and the south of the Mansion, the bowling green bordered by shaded serpentine walks, the walled gardens, the orchards, and the thickly planted wildernesses were all features suggested by Langley's work. The book remained in Washington's library through his years of great renown, all the way until his eventual retirement from public life. Appraisers of Washington's estate noted "Langley on Gardening" in the study upon the first President's death.
Notes: 1. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels Through America in 1797-1799 (Grassmann Publishing Co., 1965), 29-30.
