The Death of George Washington

George Washington died at his home in Mount Vernon on December 14, 1799 at the age of 67. To many his death was unexpected, as in the days before he was managing affairs at his properties and engaged in current events. However, he fell ill and was cared for by doctors before succumbing to the complications of an infection in his throat. After his subsequent burial at Mount Vernon, family, friends, and political allies desired to honor his life and legacy.

The Days Leading to Washington’s Death

On Thursday, December 12, 1799, George Washington was out on horseback supervising farming activities from late morning until three in the afternoon. The weather shifted from light snow to hail and then to rain. Upon Washington's return it was suggested that he change out of his wet riding clothes before dinner. Known for his punctuality, Washington chose to remain in his damp attire. These events are speculated to contribute to the cause of Washington’s death.

The next morning brought three inches of snow and a sore throat. Despite feeling unwell, Washington went to the hanging wood area on the east side of the Mansion after the weather cleared to select trees for removal by enslaved workers. Throughout the day it was observed that Washington's voice became increasingly hoarser. Friday evening, as typical for most evenings, Washington read from the newspapers with his secretary Tobias Lear and his wife Martha. Due to the increased throat irritation, Washington asked Lear to complete the reading.

After retiring for the night, Washington awoke in terrible discomfort at around two in the morning. Martha was concerned about his state and wanted to send for help. However, having just recovered from a cold herself, Washington would not allow his wife to leave the comfort of their room. When Caroline Branham, an enslaved housemaid, came to light the fire at daybreak, Martha sent for Tobias Lear who rushed to the room. There he found Washington in bed having difficulty breathing. Lear sent for George Rawlins, an overseer at Mount Vernon, who at the request of George Washington bled him. Lear also sent to Alexandria for Dr. James Craik, the family doctor and Washington's trusted friend and physician for forty years.

While waiting for Dr. Craik's arrival, Rawlins extracted a half-pint of blood. Washington favored this treatment—despite Martha's voiced concern—as he believed that it cured him of past ailments. Washington was also given a mixture of molasses, butter, and vinegar to soothe his throat. This mixture was difficult to swallow causing Washington to convulse and nearly suffocate.

As the morning progressed Washington did not feel any relief. Martha requested that Tobias Lear send for a second doctor, Dr. Gustavus Brown of Port Tobacco. Brown was a physician that Craik felt had an excellent reputation for diagnosis and moderate medicating. Dr. Craik arrived at nine in the morning, examined Washington, and produced a blister on his throat in an attempt to balance the fluids in Washington's body. Craik bled Washington a second time and ordered a solution of vinegar and sage tea prepared for gargling.

At eleven, Dr. Brown had not yet arrived and Craik sent for a third physician, a definite sign that he felt the ailment was serious. At noon an enema was administered, but there was no improvement in Washington's condition. Washington was bled for the fourth and final time. It was later reported that a total of thirty-two ounces of blood was extracted during the last bleeding. Some in the press, criticized the practice of blood letting used in an attempt to save Washington’s life.

Another conference of physicians occurred. Craik administered an emetic to induce vomiting, though without beneficial results. Despite the care and attention of three physicians, his beloved wife, friends, and enslaved servants, George Washington's condition worsened. At four-thirty in the afternoon, George called Martha to his bedside and asked that she bring his two wills from the study. After review, Washington discarded one, which Martha burned. In the final will, Washington outlined the manumission of those he enslaved after his death (those enslaved by Martha remained so) and financially contributed to educational institutions including the Alexandria Academy.

George Washington then called for Tobias Lear. Lear recorded that Washington told him, "I find I am going, my breath[e] cannot last long. I believed from the first that the disorder would prove fatal. Do you arrange and record all my late military letters and papers—arrange my accounts and settle my books, as you know more about them than any one else, and let Mr. Rawlins finish recording my other letters which he has begun."¹

The Death of George Washington

At five in the afternoon, George Washington sat up from bed, dressed, and walked over to his chair. He returned to bed within thirty minutes. Craik went to him and Lear reported that Washington said, "Doctor, I die hard; but I am not afraid to go; I believed from my first attack that I should not survive it; my breath can not last long."² Soon afterward, Washington thanked all three doctors for their service. Craik remained in the room. At eight at night more blisters and cataplasms were applied, this time to Washington's feet and legs. At ten at night, George Washington spoke, requesting to be "decently buried" and to "not let my body be put into the Vault in less than three days after I am dead."³

Between ten and eleven at night on December 14, 1799, George Washington passed away. He was surrounded by people who were close to him including his wife who sat at the foot of the bed, his friends Dr. Craik and Tobias Lear, enslaved housemaids Caroline, Molly, and Charlotte, and his enslaved valet Christopher Sheels who stood in the room throughout the day. In accordance with his wishes, Washington was not buried for three days. During that time his body lay in a mahogany casket in the New Room.

The Burial of George Washington

On December 18, 1799 a solemn funeral was held at Mount Vernon. A national parade for Washington was held in Philadelphia on December 26, 1799. President John Adams expressed desires to construct a "marble monument" to rebury Washington at the capital, but Martha ensured his body was not removed from the family tomb at Mount Vernon.⁴ Various members of the government made the pilgrimage to Mount Vernon to pay respects in the coming months to years. A new tomb, a marble vault, was constructed for George, Martha, and other members of the Washington family in 1837 at Mount Vernon. In the decades following his death, monuments were erected around the country in his honor. Despite the rejection of a monument to physically entomb the former president in the capital, the Washington Monument was dedicated to his legacy, which was proposed in 1800, began construction in 1848, and was not open to the public until 1888.

Revised by Zoie Horecny, PhD, 27 March 2025

Notes:

1. “II, 14 December 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, in Tobias Lear’s Narrative Accounts of the Death of George Washington.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. “From John Adams to Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, 27 December 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives.

Bibliography:

Blanton, Wyndham B. "Washington's Medical Knowledge and Its Sources," Annals of Medical History, 4 (1932), 52-61.

Fraser, Flora. The Washingtons: George and Martha Partners in Friendship and Love. Anchor Books: 2015.

Knox, J. H. Mason, Jr. "The Medical History of George Washington, His Physicians, Friends and Advisers," Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 1 (1933), 174-91.